Detailný pohľad na situáciu v Sudáne naznačuje, že faith-based aktéri majú veľký vplyv na proces budovania mieru. Ako sme už spomínali, Sudán je jednou z nábožensky najrozmanitejších krajín na svete, a teda má nespočetné množstvo náboženských komunít. Takmer každý obyvateľ Sudánu žije v určitej komunite, čím sa zvyšuje význam náboženstva ako takého v procese sociálnych zmien. Náboženstvo je vždy súčasťou širšieho societálneho kontextu, v ktorom sa vyvíja a má tiež vplyv na politický, kultúrny a aj ekonomický proces. Zároveň sú náboženstvá súčasťou politického boja o moc. V Sudáne nik nepochybuje o tom, že náboženstvo je súčasťou riešenia problému, rovnako ako je aj jeho príčinou.
V práci sme prezentovali niekoľko spôsobov, ako faith-based aktéri pozitívne vplývajú na mierový proces v krajine. Faith-based aktéri ako kľúčoví hráči na tomto sociálno-politickom poli disponujú autoritou, ktorá je schopná v sudánskej spoločnosti vyvolať potrebné zmeny. Či už ide o advokáciu mieru, sprostredkovanie potrebných dialógov, alebo vzdelávanie, pozitívny vplyv istej časti aktérov je nezanedbateľný. Nastolenie kultúry mieru je základnou podmienkou pre aplikáciu mierovej zmluvy z roku 2005. Pri realizácii tohto cieľa sa faith-based aktéri dajú uplatniť viac než ktorákoľvek iná zložka spoločnosti. No aby sme mohli naplno využiť potenciál, ktorý nám faith-based diplomacy ponúka, je potrebné vytvoriť v Sudáne také podmienky, ktoré by umožnili aktívne sa zapájať všetkým subjektom, ktoré majú o to záujem. Je totiž zrejmé, že nie všetkým aktérom v krajine je umožnené vplývať na udržanie krehkého mieru tak, ako by si to želali. Máme tým na mysli hlavne kategóriu, v práci označenú ako obmedzení podporovatelia. Podobne kľúčom k riešeniu problémov v Sudáne môže byť postoj, akým sa k sebe stavajú jednotlivé religiózne komunity a chovanie sa ich predstaviteľov. Mier v Sudáne je tak skôr aj o inom prístupe, o miernejšom postoji všetkých obyvateľov Sudánu.
Zároveň bude zaujímavé sledovať, ako sa bude situácia v krajine vyvíjať po referende v roku 2011, kedy je reálne rozdelenie Sudánu na dva nové, samostatné štáty. Vzniká tu totiž priestor na konflikt s ekonomickým pozadím. Potenciálne neúspešná demarkácia hraníc medzi severom a juhom krajiny, kde sa nachádzajú bohaté ropné ložiská, môže vyústiť do ďalších nepokojov a občianskej vojny. Je preto potrebné, aby sa faith-based aktéri už v súčasnosti zameriavali aj na prevenciu voči budúcim konfliktom. Pokiaľ zlyhajú v oblasti „liečenia rán z minulosti“, následky môžu byť fatálne.
Bibliografia
Odkazy:
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Monografie:
Albright, M.: The Mighty and the Allmighty: reflections on America, God, and world affairs. New York: Harper Perennial, 2007 Appleby, S.: Religion as an Agent of Conflict Transformation and Peace-Building, In: Crocker, Hampson, Turbulent Peace: The Challenges of Managing International Conflict. Washington DC: United institute of Peace Press 2001 Assefa, H.: Mediation of Civil Wars: Approaches and Strategies-The Sudan Conflict. Boulder,Colo.: Westview Press, 1987 Berger, M.S.: Religion and Development Aid: The Special Case of Islam. The Hague: Clingendael, 2006 Collini, S.: History, Religion and Culture. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2000 Daly, M.W. Imperial Sudan: The Anglo-Egyptian Condominium /1934-1956/. Cambridge University Press 2002 Johnston, D. (ed.):, Faith Based Diplomacy: Trumping Realpolitik. New York: Oxford University Press, 2003 Johnston, D,: Religion, The missing Dimension of Statecraft. New York: Oxford University Press, 1994 Krejčí, O.: Mezinárodní politika. Praha: Ekopress, 2007 Manojlovic, Thorheim.: Crossroads of Diplomacy: New Challenges, New Solutions. The Hague: Clingendael, 2007 Petito, Hatzopoulus.: Religion in International Relations: The Return from Exile. New York: Palgrave Macmillian Publishers, 2003 Thompson, S.W. (ed): Approaches To Peace: An Intelectual Map, Washingotn D.C.:United States Institute Of Peace 1991
Dokumenty:
Comprehensive Peace agreement 2005 [online] Odborné štúdie online: Clarke, G.:Faith Matters: Development and the Complex World of Faith-Based Organisations, Center for Development Sudies, University of WalesSwansea, 2005, [online] www.devstud.org.uk/Conference05/papers/clarke.doc [cit.30.januára 2008] Dagne, T.: Sudan: The Crisis in Darfur And Satus of the Nort-South Peace Agreement, CRS Report for Congress, 2007 [online] www.fas.org/sgp/crs/row/RL33574.pdf [cit.24.februára 2008 Elections in Sudan 2008/2009: A Complex Challenge in Need of Urgent Donor Attention [online] www.ploughshares.ca/libraries/Briefings/brf072a.pdf [cit.28.januára 2008] Faith Based Peace Building: Mapping and Analysis of Christian, Muslim and Multi-Faith Actors, Clingendae, November 2005, [online] www.clingendael.nl/publications/2005/20051100_cru_paper_faith-based%20peace-building.pdf [cit.31.januára 2008] Foreign Area Studies, The American University, Sudan: a Country Study, 3rd ed. Washington: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1983 Harpviken, K.B a Roislien, H.E. Mapping the terrain: The role of religion in peacemaking, Oslo: PRIO 2006, [online]. http://www.prio.no/files/file46875_mapping_the_terrain_stateoftheartpaper__jul05_.pdf [cit. 29.január 2008] Library of Congress Country Studies, [online] http://lcweb2.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/r?frd/cstdy:@field(DOCID+sd0031) [cit.23.februára 2008] Mans,U. a Ali, O.: Stuck in Change: Faith-based Peace-building in Sudan´s Transition. Clingendael, Október 2006, [online]. http://www.clingendael.nl/publications/2006/20061000_cru_occ_sudan.pdf [cit. 25.novembra 2008] Rogier, E. Designing an Integrated Strategy For Peace, Security and development In Post-Agreement Sudan. Clingendael, April 2005, [online] http://www.clingendael.nl/publications/2005/20050400_cru_paper_rogier.pdf [cit. 13.marca 2008]
Články online:
Huntington, S.P. The Clash of Civilizations?, [online], http://history.club.fatih.edu.tr/103%20Huntington%20Clash%20of%20Civilizations%20full%20text.htm> [cit. 10.marca 2007] Philopott D.: „Fait-Based Diplomacy: A Model For Peacebuilding“ [online] http://www.allacademic.com/meta/p72357_index.html [cit.24.februára 2008] Internet: CIA Factbook, [online]: https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/su.html Holandské Ministerstvo zahraničných vecí: Africa Memorandum, Hague, Ministry of Foreig Affaires, 2003.[online] http://www.minbuza.nl/en/developmentcooperation/Themes/HumanitarianAid,focus_on_africa/africa_memorandum_2003.html International Crisis Group [online] http://www.crisisgroup.org/home/index.cfm Library of Congres – Federal research division: Counry profile: Sudan, December 2004, str.3 [online] http://lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/profiles/Sudan.pdf OSN [online] http: //www.unmis.org/common/documents/cpa-monitor/cpaMonitor_oct07.pdf Oxford English Dictionary, [online] http://www.askoxford.com/concise_oed/diplomacy?view=uk [cit.23.februára 2008 [online] http://www.persecution.org/countries/sudan.html [online] http://sudanupdate.org/data/stats.html [online] http://www.unmis.org/English/cpa.htm Wikipedia, encyklopédia. [online] http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sudan
